Static Electricity

If an object has more approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch than protons it is approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch charged, if the object has more approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch that electrons then it is approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch charged).

Electrons can be lost or gained by approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch.

Opposite charges approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch; similar charges approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch each other.

The symbol for approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch is Q.

The unit of charge is the Coulomb – symbol is approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch.

The Gold Leaf Electroscope

If the Gold Leaf Electroscope is uncharged, the leaves will fall approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch.

If the leaves become charged – either positively or negatively – the leaves will approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch apart.

Functions:
1. To detect approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch
2. To approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch between positive and negative charge
3. To indicate approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch size of a charge
4. To test if an object is a approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch or an insulator

Earthing

If an object becomes charged (due to a build-up of electrons say), and the object is then ‘earthed’ (connected to earth), the electrons will separate as much as possible, resulting in most of them quite literally ‘going to earth’.

The object then becomes approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch.

Charging a Gold Leaf Electroscope object by Induction

To Charge an Insulated Conductor Positively


1. Bring a negatively charge object approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch the plate; the positive and negative charges become separated on it.
2. Keeping the charged object in place, approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch the metal with your approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch.
3. Some of the negative charge on the metal flows through you to earth.
4. Remove your approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch, then and only then remove the approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch.
5. The conductor will now be approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch charged.



Coulomb’s Law

Coulomb’s Law states that the approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch between two point approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch is proportional to the approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch of the approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch and approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch proportional to the approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch of the approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch between them.


Mathematically: F ∝ approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch ₁ X approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch ₂

And F ∝ 1 / approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch ²




Relative Permittivity

Because all other mediums have a larger permittivity than a vacuum (or air), we can say that their value is some approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch of the permittivity of a vacuum. i.e. ε _o
is the minimum value that ε can have; any other medium will have a higher value (because it would reduce the force between two point charges).

In fact there is a term for this multiple; it is called the approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch permittivity of the medium.

It is given the symbol ε _r


Mathematically the permittivity of any medium ε can be calculated from the following:

ε = ε _o X ε _r

Where ε _o is permittivity of a vacuum (or air)

Electric Fields

Electric field lines: The convention is that lines come out of approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch charges and go into approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch charges.

Electric field strength (E) at a point is the approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch per unit approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch at that point.

E = approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch / approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch

The unit of Electric Field Strength is the Newton per Coulomb (N C^-1).

To Demonstrate Electric Field Patterns

1. Pour some approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch into the petri-dish and sprinkle on some approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch powder.
2. Connect a approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch voltage source (about 2,000 Volts) to the metal approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch.
3. Result: The semolina approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch up in the direction of the approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch, showing the electric field.


Distribution of Charge on an Insulated Conductor

1. All static charge resides on the approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch of a conductor.

Demonstration

1. Charge the conductor (a metal can will do fine).
2. Using a approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch plane, touch the approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch of the can and bring it up to the Gold Leaf Electroscope.
3. Notice that there is approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch deflection.
4. Touch the proof plane off the approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch of the can and bring it up to the Gold Leaf Electroscope.
5. Notice that there is a approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch.
6. Conclusion: charge resides on approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch only

Application:

A Van de Graff Generator is used to generate a large build-up of approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch which resides on the outside surface of the dome.

2. Static Charge on a conductor tends to accumulate where the conductor is most pointed

Demonstration

1. Charge a pear-shaped conductor .
2. Use a proof plane to bring charge from the curved end to the Gold Leaf Electroscope, and note that there is a approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch deflection.
3. Use a proof plane to bring charge from the pointed end to the Gold Leaf Electroscope, and note that the deflection is much approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch.
4. Conclusion: Most of the charge is at the pointed end.

Point Discharge (also known as ‘The Point Effect’)

We have seen that on a pear-shaped conductor, most charge accumulates on the pointed end .
Now let’s assume the object is charged negatively.

If the build-up of charge at the pointed end is sufficiently large, it can attract nearby approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch ions from the air and cause them to accelerate towards the pointed end.

En route, these ions are likely to crash off other molecules, causing them to become ionised (by knocking approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch off the atoms).

Ions with opposite charge to that on the point move towards this end and neutralise the charge on it.

Ions with the same charge move away from this end creating an ‘electric wind’.

Everyday Effects of Static Electricity
1. Dust on Television Screens
2. Static on approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch

Applications of Electric fields
1. Precipitators (Used to extract smoke particles from the air.
2. Xerography (approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch machines)

Industrial Hazards
1. Explosion in flour-mills
2. approximateattractCchargechargesClothesconductorddeflectiondistancedistinguishelectrodeselectronsExplosionFfieldfingerforcefrictiongreaterhighinsideinverselylinesminimalmultiplenearnegativenegativelyneutralnooiloutsidePhotocopierpositivepositivelyproductproofprotonsQrelativerepelrodsemolinasquarestandtogethertouch when fuelling aircraft
3. Damage to integrated circuits.
4. Electric shock